Ботаника

This document appears to be the work program for a Botany course at the Al-Khorazmiy Urganch State University in Uzbekistan. It outlines the course structure, topics, and methods for the 2010 academic year. The course covers both plant anatomy and morphology as well as lower and higher plants, all while incorporating laboratory and field work.

Asosiy mavzular

O`simlik hujayraSI: This section details the structure of plant cells, including the protoplasm, tonoplast, vacuoles, plasma membrane, cell wall, and various cellular components and organelles. It also covers the chemical composition of these components, the formation and modification of cell walls, and the importance of pores and plasmodesmata for cell communication.
To`qimalar: This section focuses on plant tissues, including meristematic tissues (apical, intercalary, and lateral), and permanent tissues (protective, mechanical, conductive, and secretory). It describes the characteristics and functions of each tissue type, along with relevant examples.
Ildiz: The structure, development, functions, and primary/secondary growth of roots are thoroughly explained. This incorporates root system types and root modifications along with their adaptive significance.
Novda: This section gives an outline about a shoot, including shoot apex growth, development, and types of branching. A discussion of bud types completes this section.
Poya: This section focuses on stems, detailing the differences in stem structure and anatomy of both herbaceous and woody plants. Stelar theory and cambial activity are included. The metamorphic changes that stem go through are described.
Barg: This section provides an outline on the basics of leaf morphology, anatomy, and function. Both dorsiventral and isolateral leaf types are discussed including the impacts of external factors on leaf form.
Ochiq urug’li o'simliklar генератив a’zolari: This part talks about the generative structures of open-seeded plants (Gymnosperms). The course content addresses characteristics of both male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) reproductive structures like cones. How pollination occurs in gymnosperms. Finally seed development in gymnosperms is described along with their adaptation to their environment.
Yopiq urug`li o`simliklar genyerativ organlari : This part talks about the reproductive structures of closed-seeded plants (Angiosperms). The course content addresses characteristics of both male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) reproductive structures like flower and inflorescence. Also includes floral structure and their types as well as pollination. Finally seed and fruit development in angiosperms are described.
Suvo'tlar: This section deals with various divisions of algae, covering aspects like thallus structure, cell organization, reproduction, life cycles, and classification. Specific groups such as blue-green algae, red algae, green algae, golden algae, and diatoms are examined.
Zamburug`lar: This portion centers on the characteristics of fungi including thallus structure, types of mycelia, reproduction, and classification into different classes: Chytridiomycetes, Oomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, and Basidiomycetes.
Lishayniklar: An overview is provided for lichens, including their thallus structure, the symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi, the different taxonomic groups, and their anatomical organization as well as their economic importance.