Физиология обмена вещества энергии
This presentation covers the physiology of metabolism and energy, the physiological basis of rational nutrition, and the physiology of thermoregulation. It discusses different types of metabolism (between an organism and the environment, and within an organism), cellular and humoral regulation, and nerve regulation. The presentation also delves into the transformations of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates within the body, highlighting key processes and regulatory mechanisms. It touches upon nitrogen balance, the role of water, and methods for determining basal metabolism. The final slides depict human body temperature maps and mechanisms of thermoregulation.
Asosiy mavzular
- Types of Metabolism: Exchange between an organism and the environment (matter cycle in nature). Exchange of substances within an organism.
- Metabolism within an Organism: Changes substances undergo from entry via the digestive tract to excretion. Metabolism as the totality of enzymatic reactions occurring in the body.
- Cellular Regulation: Based on interactions between enzymes and substrates. Enzymes act as biological catalysts, changing reaction speed by binding to substrates and forming enzyme-substrate complexes. The enzyme leaves the complex unchanged after substrate modification, ready for a new cycle.
- Humoral Regulation: Certain hormones directly regulate the synthesis or breakdown of enzymes and the permeability of cell membranes, altering the content of substrates, cofactors, and ionic composition within cells.
- Nerve Regulation: Accomplished through various pathways: changes in the intensity of endocrine gland function and direct activation of enzymes. The central nervous system, acting on cellular and humoral mechanisms, adequately changes the trophic state of cells.
- Protein Metabolism: Details the transformation of dietary proteins through digestion, amino acid pools, transamination, deamination, and the fate of nitrogenous waste. Covers protein synthesis and breakdown (anabolism and catabolism), influenced by hormones like insulin, glucocorticoids, and growth hormone.
- Lipid Metabolism: Describes the breakdown and absorption of dietary fats, transport via chylomicrons, and utilization/storage of fatty acids and glycerol.
- Carbohydrate Metabolism: Details the breakdown of carbohydrates, glucose storage as glycogen, and glucose utilization by the brain and muscles. Covers the role of the liver and muscles in maintaining blood glucose levels.
- Homeostasis of Glucose: Explains the regulation of glucose levels through glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the role of the liver in glycogen storage.
- Water Role in Organism: Explains the multiple important roles of water in the organism's metabolism and life sustenance. They are: participating in metabolic processes like oxidations and hydrolisis, helping in the excretion of metabolic products, sustaining temperature homeostasis, functioning as lubricant for internal organs and their surfaces, and acting as a solvent.
- Temperature Homestasis: Explains the homeostatic control and dynamics of different superficial parts of the human body at the normal temperature range. Explains the physiological mechanism in arterial, venous, and capillaries circulation. Shows the thermoregulation control mechanism by peripheric and central thermoreceptors.