Substitution
This page from 'Life, Advanced Unit 5a, Practical Grammar 3' by National Geographic Learning focuses on the grammatical concept of 'Substitution' in English. It explains and exemplifies how to avoid repetition in speech and writing by replacing words, phrases, or clauses with substitutes like pronouns, synonyms, auxiliaries, 'do so', and 'that/so/not'. The page provides examples of substituting lexis (using synonyms), nouns (using pronouns), verbs and verb phrases (using auxiliaries and 'do so'), and clauses (using 'that', 'so', or 'not'). It also covers ellipsis, the omission of words completely, especially when using 'to' instead of repeating a full infinitive phrase. The page includes exercises for students to practice substitution, including gap-fill and matching exercises.